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Resonance frequency simulation
Whether it is a Piezo buzzer or Magnetic buzzer, a resonant chamber or cavity is needed to increase the SPL of the product itself. Let's use a guitar for example: if the guitar has only strings without the body, it would be difficult to hear the sound. The sound is amplified through a resonating body.
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The Structure of the Soundhole
The sound hole design will also affect the frequency and SPL (but the chamber design still must be a priority step). There are several points for designing a sound hole: The larger sound hole will raise the frequency, and the smaller one will lower it. When the sound hole is not in the middle of the buzzer, the frequency will shift lower. SPL will get lower if the sound hole is designed to be different shapes rather than a circle type.
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Buzzers for Smoke Alarm
UL-217 performance requirements of smoke alarm define the SPL needs to achieve at least 85dB@3M with a frequency no higher than 3.5KHz. People can detect sounds in a frequency range from about 20Hz ~ 20 kHz, and the most sensitive range is 2KHz ~ 5KHz, but we lose some high-frequency sensitivity as we mature. Seniors may not hear the alarm if the frequency is too high.